Small Multitarget Molecules Incorporating the Enone Moiety.

Chalcones represent a class of small drug/druglike molecules with different and multitarget biological activities. Small multi-target drugs have attracted considerable interest in the last decade due their advantages in the treatment of complex and multifactorial diseases, since "one drug-one target" therapies have failed in many cases to demonstrate clinical efficacy. In this context, we designed and synthesized potential new small multi-target agents with lipoxygenase (LOX), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities, as well as antioxidant activity based on 2-/4- hydroxy-chalcones and the bis-etherified bis-chalcone skeleton. Furthermore, the synthesized molecules were evaluated for their cytotoxicity. Simple chalcone b4 presents significant inhibitory activity against the 15-human LOX with an IC50 value 9.5 µM, interesting anti-AChE activity, and anti-lipid peroxidation behavior. Bis-etherified chalcone c12 is the most potent inhibitor of AChE within the bis-etherified bis-chalcones followed by c11. Bis-chalcones c11 and c12 were found to combine anti-LOX, anti-AchE, and anti-lipid peroxidation activities. It seems that the anti-lipid peroxidation activity supports the anti-LOX activity for the significantly active bis-chalcones. Our circular dichroism (CD) study identified two structures capable of interfering with the aggregation process of Aß. Compounds c2 and c4 display additional protective actions against Alzheimer's disease (AD) and add to the pleiotropic profile of the chalcone derivatives. Predicted results indicate that the majority of the compounds with the exception of c11 (144 Å) can cross the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) and act in CNS. The results led us to propose new leads and to conclude that the presence of a double enone group supports better biological activities.

Star-Graft Quarterpolymer-Based Polymersomes as Nanocarriers for Co-Delivery of Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Chemotherapeutic Agents.

We report the fabrication of polymersomes, using as building blocks star-graft quarterpolymers, composed of hydrophobic polystyrene and pH-sensitive poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(acrylic acid) (P2VP-b-PAA) arms, emanated from a common nodule, enriched by thermosensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) grafts covalently bonded on the PAA block-arms. These multicompartmental polymersomes were evaluated as nanocarriers for the encapsulation and controlled co-delivery of doxorubicin (hydrophilic) and paclitaxel (hydrophobic) chemotherapeutic agents. The polymersomes can load these drugs in different compartments and can efficiently be internalized in the human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells, delivering their cargo and inducing high cell apoptosis. The release kinetics of both anticancer agents was controlled differently by the environmental conditions (pH and temperature). Enhanced release was observed at the acidic pH 6.0 and under physiological temperature (37 °C). At the same total drug level, co-delivery of these drugs with the polymersomes caused enhanced cytotoxicity and induced significantly higher cell apoptosis in the cancer cell line compared to the polymersomes loaded with either of the two drugs.

Paclitaxel controlled delivery using a pH-responsive functional-AuNP/block-copolymer vesicular nanocarrier composite system.

Paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded gold nanoparticles functionalized with mercaptooctanoic acid (MOA) and folic acid (FA) (AuMOA-FA) were encapsulated within pH-sensitive poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (P2VP-PEO) vesicles with the aim to develop a more selective injectable nano-formulation for PTX, lacking the side effects of the conventional PTX delivery system. The size of the resulting composite vesicles was lower than 200 nm, i.e. it is suitable for tumor targeting applications taking advantage of the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The vesicles did not aggregate in the presence of high electrolyte concentrations, indicating the colloidal stability of the vesicles. The vesicles did not leak their AuMOA-FA or PTX content at physiological pH of 7.4. However, AuMOA-FA and PTX release were significantly accelerated at acidic pHs resembling tumor environment and acidic intracellular compartments. PTX release from the vesicles at acidic pH apparently follows AuMOA-FA release from the vesicles. Flow cytometry measurements and confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed that the vesicles could enter A549 cancer cells in culture and that cellular uptake increased with time. Blank vesicles did not exhibit cytotoxicity and did not induce apoptosis in A549 cancer cells. The PTX currying vesicles exhibited comparable or a little higher cytotoxicity than free PTX. Both the PTX currying vesicles and free PTX induced A549 cells apoptosis, however the vesicle-encapsulated PTX induced a higher percentage of late apoptotic cells than free PTX.

Magnetic Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Dapagliflozin to Hypoxic Tumors: Physicochemical Characterization and Cell Studies.

In solid tumors, hypoxia (lack of oxygen) is developed, which leads to the development of resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy through various mechanisms. Nevertheless, hypoxic cells are particularly vulnerable when glycolysis is inhibited. For this reason, in this study, the development of magnetically targetable nanocarriers of the sodium-glucose transporter protein (SGLT2) inhibitor dapagliflozin (DAPA) was developed for the selective delivery of DAPA in tumors. This nanomedicine in combination with radiotherapy or chemotherapy should be useful for effective treatment of hypoxic tumors. The magnetic nanoparticles consisted of a magnetic iron oxide core and a poly(methacrylic acid)-graft-poly(ethyleneglycol methacrylate) (PMAA-g-PEGMA) polymeric shell. The drug (dapagliflozin) molecules were conjugated on the surface of these nanoparticles via in vivo hydrolysable ester bonds. The nanoparticles had an average size of ~ 70 nm and exhibited a DAPA loading capacity 10.75% (w/w) for a theoretical loading 21.68% (w/w). The magnetic responsiveness of the nanoparticles was confirmed with magnetophoresis experiments. The dapagliflozin-loaded magnetic nanoparticles exhibited excellent colloidal stability in aqueous and biological media. Minimal (less than 15% in 24 h) drug release from the nanoparticles occurred in physiological pH 7.4; however, drug release was significantly accelerated in pH 5.5. Drug release was also accelerated (triggered) under the influence of an alternating magnetic field. The DAPA-loaded nanoparticles exhibited higher in vitro anticancer activity (cytotoxicity) against A549 human lung cancer cells than free DAPA. The application of an external magnetic field gradient increased the uptake of nanoparticles by cells, leading to increased cytotoxicity. The results justify further in vivo studies of the suitability of DAPA-loaded magnetic nanoparticles for the treatment of hypoxic tumors.

Multifunctional Cinnamic Acid Derivatives.

Our research to discover potential new multitarget agents led to the synthesis of 10 novel derivatives of cinnamic acids and propranolol, atenolol, 1-adamantanol, naphth-1-ol, and (benzylamino) ethan-1-ol. The synthesized molecules were evaluated as trypsin, lipoxygenase and lipid peroxidation inhibitors and for their cytotoxicity. Compound 2b derived from phenoxyphenyl cinnamic acid and propranolol showed the highest lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition (IC50 = 6 µΜ) and antiproteolytic activity (IC50 = 0.425 µΜ). The conjugate 1a of simple cinnamic acid with propranolol showed the higher antiproteolytic activity (IC50 = 0.315 µΜ) and good LOX inhibitory activity (IC50 = 66 µΜ). Compounds 3a and 3b, derived from methoxylated caffeic acid present a promising combination of in vitro inhibitory and antioxidative activities. The S isomer of 2b also presented an interesting multitarget biological profile in vitro. Molecular docking studies point to the fact that the theoretical results for LOX-inhibitor binding are identical to those from preliminary in vitro study.

TAT Peptide-Conjugated Magnetic PLA-PEG Nanocapsules for the Targeted Delivery of Paclitaxel: In Vitro and Cell Studies.

Paclitaxel (PTX) and organophilic iron oxide nanocrystals of 7 nm average size were co-encapsulated in the oily core of poly(lactide)-poly(ethyleneglycol) (PLA-PEG) nanocapsules in order to develop magnetically responsive nanocarriers of PTX. The nanocapsules were prepared by a solvent displacement technique and exhibited satisfactory drug and iron oxide loading efficiency, high colloidal stability, and sustained drug release properties. Drug release also proved responsive to an alternating magnetic field. Magnetophoresis experiments showed that the magnetic responsiveness of the nanocapsules depended on their SPION content. The PTX-loaded nanocapsules exhibited comparable to free PTX cytotoxicity against the A549 lung cancer cell line at 24 h of incubation but higher cytotoxicity than free drug at 48 h of incubation. The conjugation of a cysteine-modified TAT peptide (HCys-Tyr-Gly-Arg-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Gln-Arg-Arg-Arg-NH2) on the surface of the nanocapsules resulted to highly increased uptake of nanocapsules by cancer cells, as well as to profound improvement of their cytotoxicity against the cancer cells. The results obtained justify further investigation of the prospects of these multifunctional PLA-PEG nanocapsules as a targeted delivery system of paclitaxel.

Synthesis, characterization and in vivo evaluation of a magnetic cisplatin delivery nanosystem based on PMAA-graft-PEG copolymers.

The development of anticancer drug delivery systems which retain or enhance the cytotoxic properties of the drug to tumorous tissues, while reducing toxicity to other organs is of key importance. We investigated different poly(methacrylic acid)-g-poly(ethyleneglycol methacrylate) polymers as in situ coating agents for magnetite nanocrystallites. The obtained magnetic nano-assemblies were in turn thoroughly characterized for their structural, colloidal and physicochemical properties (drug loading capacity/release, magnetic field triggered drug release, cell uptake and localization) in order to select the best performing system. With the focus on in vivo validation of such magnetic drug delivery systems for first time, we selected cisplatin as the drug, since it is a potent anticancer agent which exhibits serious side effects due to lack of selectivity. In addition, cisplatin would offer facile determination of the metal content in the animal tissues for biodistribution studies. Alongside post-mortem Pt determination in the tissues, the biodistribution of the drug nanocarriers was also monitored in real time with PET-CT (positron emission tomography/computed tomography) with and without the presence of magnetic field gradients; using a novel chelator-free method, the nanoparticles were radiolabeled with 68Ga without having to alter their structure with chemical modifications for conjugation of radiochelators. The ability to be radiolabeled in such a straightforward but very robust way, along with their measured high MRI response, renders them attractive for dual imaging, which is an important functionality for translational investigations. Their anticancer properties were evaluated in vitro and in vivo, in a cisplatin resistant HT-29 human colon adenocarcinoma model, with and without the presence of magnetic field gradients. Enhanced anticancer efficacy and reduced toxicity was recorded for the cisplatin-loaded nanocarriers in comparison to the free cisplatin, particularly when a magnetic field gradient was applied at the tumor site. Post mortem and real-time tissue distribution studies did not reveal increased cisplatin concentration in the tumor site, suggesting that the enhanced anticancer efficacy of the cisplatin-loaded nanocarriers is driven by mechanisms other than increased cisplatin accumulation in the tumors.

Injectable Hydrogel: Amplifying the pH Sensitivity of a Triblock Copolypeptide by Conjugating the N-Termini via Dynamic Covalent Bonding.

We explore the self-assembly behavior of aqueous solutions of an amphiphilic, pH-sensitive poly(l-alanine)-b-poly(l-glutamic acid)-b-poly(l-alanine), (A5E11A5) triblock copolypeptide, end-capped by benzaldehyde through Schiff base reaction. At elevated concentrations and under physiological pH (7.4) and ionic strength (0.15M), the bare copolypeptide aqueous solutions underwent a sol-gel transition after heating and slow cooling thermal treatment, forming opaque stiff gels due to a hierarchical self-assembly that led to the formation of ß-sheet-based twisted super fibers (Popescu et al. Soft Matter 2015, 11, 331-342). The conjugation of the N-termini with benzaldehyde (Bz) through a Schiff base reaction amplifies the copolypeptide pH-sensitivity within a narrow pH window relevant for in vivo applications. Specifically, the dynamic character of the imine bond allowed coupling/decoupling of the Bz upon switching pH. The presence of Bz conjugates to the N-termini of the copolypeptide resulted in enhanced packing of the elementary superfibers into thick and short piles, which inhibited the ability of the system for gelation. However, partial cleavage of Bz upon lowering pH to 6.5 prompted recovery of the hydrogel. The sol-gel transition triggered by pH was reversible, due to the coupling/decoupling of the benzoic-imine dynamic covalent bonding, endowing thus the gelling system with injectability. Undesirably, the gelation temperature window was significantly reduced, which however can be regulated at physiological temperatures by using a suitable mixture of the bare and the Bz-conjugated coplypeptide. This triblock copolypeptide gelator was investigated as a scaffold for the encapsulation of polymersome nanocarriers, loaded with a hydrophilic model drug, calcein. The polymersome/polypeptide complex system showed prolonged probe release in pH 6.5, which is relevant to extracellular tumor environment, rendering the system potentially useful for sustained delivery of anticancer drugs locally in the tumor.

Simple chalcones and bis-chalcones ethers as possible pleiotropic agents.

The synthesis, the antioxidative properties and the lipoxygenase (LOX) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition of a number of 4-hydroxy-chalcones diversely substituted as well as of a series of bis-chalcones ether derivatives are reported. The chalcones derivatives were readily produced using a Claisen-Schmidt condensation in a ultra sound bath in good yields. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral and elemental analysis. Their lipophilicity is experimentally determined by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography method. Most of them are potent in vitro inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and of LOX. Compounds b2 and b3 were found to be the most potent LOX and AChE inhibitors among the tested derivatives with a significant anti-lipid peroxidation profile. The results led us to propose these enone derivatives as new multifunctional compounds against Alzheimer's disease. The results are discussed in terms of structural and physicochemical characteristics of the compounds. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic profile of these compounds was investigated using computational methods.

Synthesis and evaluation of anticancer activity in cells of novel stoichiometric pegylated fullerene-doxorubicin conjugates.

PURPOSE: To synthesize pegylated stoichiometrically and structurally well-defined conjugates of fullerene (C60) with doxorubicin (DOX) and investigate their antiproliferative effect against cancer cell lines. METHODS: Stoichiometric (1:1 and 1:2) pegylated conjugates of C60 with DOX were synthesized using the Prato reaction to create fulleropyrrolidines equipped with a carboxyl function for anchoring a polyethylene glycol (PEG) moiety and either a hydroxyl group for attaching one molecule of DOX or a terminal alkyne group for attaching two molecules of DOX through a click reaction. In both conjugates, the DOX moieties are held through a urethane-type bond. Drug release was studied in phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 7.4) and MCF-7 cancer cells lysate. The uptake of the conjugates by MCF-7 cancer cells and their intracellular localization were studied with fluorescence microscopy. The antiproliferative activity of the conjugates was investigated using the WST-1 test. RESULTS: One or two DOX molecules were anchored on pegylated C60 particles to form DOX-C60-PEG conjugates. Drug liberation from the conjugates was significantly accelerated in the presence of tumor cell lysate compared to PBS. The conjugates could be internalized by MCF-7 cells. DOX from the conjugates exhibited much delayed, compared to free DOX, localization in the nucleus and antiproliferative activity. CONCLUSION: Pegylated DOX-C60 conjugates (1:1) and (2:1) with well-defined structure were successfully synthesized and found to exhibit comparable, but with a delayed onset, antiproliferative activity with free DOX against MCF-7 cancer cells. The results obtained justify further investigation of the potential of these conjugates as anticancer nanomedicines.